He Fired When Ready-- Part 9: Charles Gridley's Legacy

Jackalope did a good job of summing up the life of this true American.

So, what's the appeal of Gridley.  he was well-liked by all, but not particularly regarded for his gallantry, military acumen, or initiative.  He provided years of service to his country, but achieved little  distinction. His only real claim to fame  was that eh was standing next to the man of the hour when that man's moment finally came.

Even the Battle of Manila Bay  was largely a meaningless victory -- the Spanish fleet never really had a chance, and the U.S. lacked the strength to take  and hold the Philippines afterwards.  In fact, they spent the next three months trying to prevent the Germans from taking them.

Yet, Dewey's famous order has secured Gridley's place in the history books for eternity.  In addition to the park in Erie, Pennsylvania, he's also lent his name to four ships in the U.S. Navy, a type of destroyer, and a National Guard training camp in Pennsylvania.

His alma mater, Hillsdale College, added a seashell to their coat of arms to honor his service.  For someone who did relatively little, he made the most of what little he actually did.  (Or he would have had he lived after the battle.)

But maybe that's part of his mystique.  He's a well-regarded heroic figure who died at the peak of his fame.  He never had the chance to disappoint the public or to be revealed as a lucky mediocrity like Dewey.  He's too big to be built up, but too small to bother tearing down.

In hindsight, he's a man who seems to have been destined to be a footnote in history.

Well, that is one big footnote and I'd sure settle for it myself.  A great American in every way.

And to think that just a little over a month ago I had no knowledge of this man other than the quote.  I didn't even know that he fought during the Civil War.

From M.B. to M.B..   From the Battle of Mobile Bay to the Battle of Manila Bay.  And it would have been even better if I had found that he was at the Battles of Fort Fisher, but at least George Dewey was.

You May Stop This Blog When Ready, Cooter.  --DaCoot

He Fired When Ready-- Part 7: 'The Battle of Manila Killed Me, But I Would Do It Again If Necessary.'

I'm not sure of Charles Gridley was counted as the one death in the American fleet or not, but this battle marked the beginning of the end for him.

The heat and poor ventilation in the Olympia's conning tower made his existing medical conditions so much worse.  At one point in the battle, he hit his side on the edge of the chart table which caused him great pain.  After the battle he had to be carried away from his post.

As the days passed by, it became more and more apparent that his condition was deteriorating rapidly, and Dewey had no choice but to relieve him of command of the USS Olympia.

On May 25, he was sent  home aboard the USS Zafiro to receive medical treatment.

Two days later, he was transferred from the Zafiro to the Occidental & Oriental steamship Coptic which was bound for Japan.  On June 4, the Coptic reached Nagasaki, Japan, and it was there that Gridley discovered that he and Dewey were the men of the hour.

He gave a British newspaper reporter a short interview tinged with a little bitterness.  He did not see much of a future for the U.S. in the Philippines, seeing the islands as a backwater suitable only as a rest stop for fleets crossing the Pacific.

Still, he had no regrets about his life and role in the battle.  He said, "The battle of Manila killed me, but I would do it again if necessary."

--Cooter

He Fired When Ready-- Part 3: Dewey to Strike First and Hard

So, Charles Gridley finally had that plum command, the USS Olympia.  But then, on February 15, 1898, the USS Maine blew up while anchored in Havana Harbor, Cuba.  The relations between Spain, who controlled Cuba, and the United States had been worsening for years.

The American people, spurred on by a Yellow Press Campaign of Spanish misdeeds in Cuba, were upset about heavy-handed tactics the Spanish were using to put down Cubans who were striving for independence.  And, the American government and business interests were trying to find ways to grab Spain's colonial possessions and make them their own.

The commander of the U.S. Asiatic Squadron, George Dewey,  had been preparing for war for months.  He knew that Spain's hold on the Philippines was tenuous at best, and that if he moved swiftly, he could strike a first blow and weaken Spain's ability to resist.

Just as soon as war was declared, he moved fast to destroy the Spanish fleet operating out of  Manila in the Philippines.

--Cooter

He Fired When Ready-- Part 1: Who Was This Gridley Guy?

From the order of the Jackalope "He fired when ready" by #13 (David White).

Well, of course if you have been reading this blog, you know.  I didn't know much about this person before I started this series of posts which actually started in my Civil War Navy blog Running the Blockade.  This is a part of my RoadTripping Through History approach to these blogs.

I figured this Gridly guy, and I had to find out his first name, must have been an officer under the command of Dewey.

David White remembers a family trip when he was a child and they went to Independence  Seaport Museum in Philadelphia where one of the attractions was the USS Olympia.  Bolted to the deck by the wheelhouse were two brass footprints engraved with this text:

"From this spot Commodore Dewey directed the Asiatic Squadron to victory in the Spanish-American War, launching the United States onto the world stage. 'You may fire when you are ready, Gridley.' May 11898, Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines."

They are some of the most famous words in naval history, right up there with "Don't give up the ship" and "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead."

I figured he was a Navy man, likely an officer, but under the command of Dewey.

This is where David White started doing his own research.

--Cooter

Charles V. Gridley-- Part 6: Washington Navy Yard, USS Marion in the Far East and a Typhoon

In 1821, he was detailed to the Washington Navy Yard as Ordnance Instructor.  This was not a favorite duty of his.  Ordnance was not one of his major interests or areas of expertise.  In the  spring of 1892, however, he found himself back at sea.  Gridley was detailed to the USS Marion and ordered to report to  Admiral David Harmony, the commander of the U.S. Asiatic Squadron.

His duties in the Far East led him to visit Manila Bay in 1893.  Knowledge of  the harbor he gained on this visit was undoubtedly useful to him  in the future (as we know).

He almost did not return from the Far East, however.  The Marion was caught in a terrible typhoon as it was beginning to cruise to the U.S. West Coast.  The force of the storm broke the ship's boilers loose from their saddles.

Things were so desperate that Gridley even released prisoners he had in the ship's brig believing that they should at least have an equal chance in case the ship was lost.  Luckily the ship  survived and limped back  to Yokohoma, Japan, for temporary repairs before making a second successful trip  to Mare Island, California.

--DaCoot

USS Zafiro-- Part 3: Busy in the Philippines

Regardless of whether she was a commissioned ship in the U.S. Navy, she accompanied Dewey's fleet when it departed Hong Kong in April 1898 and served as a collier and supply ship during the Battle of Manila Bay and the ensuing Philippines Campaign.

(A collier is a bulk coat ship, also carries supplies, in case you're wondering.

The lack of documents covering her  activities inj1898 and the first half of 1899 precludes any history of her service during that time.  Presumably she plied the waters of the Philippines carrying troops, supplies and dispatches between those points..

Based at Cavite on Luzon, she is known to have performed such missions during the period of time from latter 1899 and June 1904.  Those movements in support of the U.S. Army's suppression of the Philippines Insurrection and campaigns against the Moslem Moro tribesmen took her to a host  of exotic places throughout the islands.

On 10 June 1904, the Zafiro was placed out of commission at Cavite and her name was struck from the  Navy List on 15 January 1906.  On 21 October 1910 she was sold to Mr. J.W. Zeeve of Seattle, Washington.

--Cooter

USS Zafiro (1884) and Its Connection to the Spanish-American War-- Part 1

I wrote about this ship in my Running the Blockade: Civil War Navy blog the last two days in connection to a man named Charles V. Gridley, who was a naval officer during the Civil War, but also, more famously, the Spanish-American War.  He was the man that Commodore George Dewey said "You may fire when you are ready" to at the start of the Battle of Manila Bay which led to the destruction of the Spanish fleet.

Charles Gridley was the commander of the USS Olympia which was serving as Dewey's flagship.  Unfortunately, Gridley became sick soon afterwards and died almost a month and a half later.  He was transferred off the Olympia on the USS Zafiro.

You can read about Gridley's career in my Running the Blockade blog this week.  Go to the My Blogs column and click on this blog.

I'd never heard of this ship, so Wikipedia here I come.

USS ZAFIRO

It was a collier, bulk cargo ship,  that served in the U.S. Navy from 1898 to 1904.

It was constructed in the United Kingdom, but George Dewey purchased her for the U.S. Navy in Hong Kong on 9 April 1898, just before his Asiatic Squadron sailed for  the Philippines at the beginning of the Spanish-American War.

--Cooter

USS Oregon (BB-3)-- Part 4: Service in the Pacific, the Boxer Rebellion, WW I, Pres. Wilson and the Washington Naval Treaty

 After the war, the Oregon had an overhaul and was assigned to the U.S. Asiatic Squadron and participated in the Philippine-American War (Philippines Insurrection).  It also sailed to Japan and reinforced the Eight-Nation Allied Force in China's Boxer Rebellion.  

In 1901, she returned to the U.S. for a refit before returning to her Asiatic Station before being decommissioned in 1906.  During the next several years, the Oregon was modernized and then recommissioned in 1911 and patrolled off the west coast of the United States.

During World War I, the ship saw no action but did  escort troop ships carrying soldiers bound for the Russian Civil War. Afterwards, she was decommissioned for a short time in 1919 before recommissioned for a short time the same year and hosted President Woodrow Wilson during a review of the Pacific Fleet in Seattle, Washington.

In 1920, she was assigned the hull number BB-3 and beginning a year later, a group of naval enthusiasts started a campaign to turn her into a naval museum to be based somewhere in her namesake state.  The Washington Naval Treaty in 1922 required the Oregon to be demilitarized which she was.

By 1924 she had become listed on the Naval register as an "Unclassified Relic."

In 1925, the Navy loaned the Oregon to that state and she was moored in Portland and restored as a museum vessel.

But, That Was Not Her End.  --Cooter

USS Oregon (BB-3)-- Part 3: The Battle of Santiago de Cuba

 The USS Oregon arrived off the port of Santiago de Cuba on June 1st and joined the blockading fleet.

At 8:45 am on July 1, Admiral Cervera sortied with his fleet on his flagship, the Infanta Maria Teresa.  Luckily for the Spanish, the Oregon was out of its usual position and another battleship, the USS Massachusetts was recoaling at Guantanamo Bay at the time.

Lookouts aboard the armored cruiser USS Brooklyn discovered the approach of the Spanish fleet and fired a gun as a warning and the battle was underway.  The goal of the Spaniards was to escape and put out to sea.  Cervera went after the Brooklyn

The Oregon took the lead in the ensuing chase as it was the only ship with its steam up.  It was followed by the Brooklyn.  American gunfire son set the Infanta Maria Teresa afire and fearing an explosion, Cervera ordered the ship run aground.  The Almirante Oquendo did likewise a short time later.  The Vizcaya was also forced aground and surrendered.  The two destroyers were particularly savaged by American gunfire.

Only the Cristobol Colon had a good six-mile lead and was still running west.  The American ships slowly caught up with her and struck its flag, running ashore and scuttling the ship.  Thus ended the Battle of Santiago de Cuba.

The Oregon was not hit in the action owing to the poor quality of the Spanish gunfire.

With the American success here and in Cuba and the Philippines, Spain sued for peace on 17 July and the Spanish-American War ended 12 August 1898 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.

It Wasn't Much of a Battle, Actually.   --Cooter

USS Fulton (AS-1)-- Part 4: Panama Canal Zone, Asiatic Fleet and a Disastrous Fire

The Fulton was recommissioned  on 2 December 1930 as a gunboat and had duty as a survey ship in the Panama Canal Zone.  It was reclassified as the USS Fulton (PG-49).  It conducted surveys  in the area until 1932 when it went to San Diego and made preparations to join the U.S. Asiatic Fleet.

Her assigned station was Hong Kong where the ship arrived in November and then made voyages to Cavite  Navy Yard in the Philippines and cruised along the Chinese coast from Hong Kong to Canton until March 1934.

On this day a fire broke out amidships.  As the ship appeared to be sinking, the crew was taken off by the British destroyer HMS Wishart and merchant ship SS Tinian.  Three of the crew suffered injuries.    The crew was taken to  the Royal Navy Dockyard at Hong Kong.  The British destroyer HMS Whitshed stood by the burning Fulton until the fire was put out.  An American tug arrived  to tow the Fulton to Hong Kong where emergency repairs were made and she was towed to Cavite.

The United States Department of the Navy  later passed thanks along to British authorities for their service.

Damage to the Fulton was considered too great and she was decommissioned  on 12 May 1934 and scrapped later that year.

The Story of a Ship.  --Cooter

On July 4... --Part 2: A Real Bad Day for the Confederacy, A Starry Day for the Flag

1845--  Author Henry David Thoreau began his two-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond near Concord, Massachusetts.

1863--  Union troops under Gen. Ulysses Grant defeated Confederate forces at Vicksburg, Mississippi, ending a 14-month siege in the Civil War.  Occurring one day after the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg.

1917--  In a ceremony in Paris, France honoring the French hero of the American  Revolution, U.S. Lt. Colonel Charles Stanton declared, "Lafayette, we are here!"

1946--  The Philippines became an independent republic after 48 years of U.S. rule.

1959--  America's 49-star flag was unveiled honoring Alaska's statehood.

1960--  America's 50-star flag was unveiled honoring Hawaii's statehood.

--CootDec

The Court Martial of Major Littleton Waller, USMC for Actions in the Philippines

Major Littleton Waller acted as a major subordinate in carrying out Jacob Smith's orders on Samar and was afterwards court martialed for the executions of  eleven mutinous Filipino porters.

Waller's defense did not mention Smith's orders directly, but used  provisions of the Civil War's  General Order  Number 100 (also called the Lieber Code).  This order dictated how Union soldiers were expected to conduct themselves in relation to enemy military and is considered a precursor to the Geneva Conventions.

The General Order permitted the killing of POWs in reprisal for  violations of the rules of war by the enemy and also provided for the summary execution of spies, saboteurs and guerrilla fighters.

Jacob Smith was called to testify about his orders but perjured himself and denied that he had given any special orders to Waller.  In response, Waller  revealed Smith's order and produced three officers to corroborate it.  Waller said he had been ordered to take no prisoners and to kill every Filipino over the age of ten.

The court martial board voted 11-2 to acquit Waller.  It was later stated that an Army court had no jurisdiction over a Marine officer.

But, this case led to the court martial of Jacob Smith.

--Cooter

Jacob "Howling Wilderness" Smith-- Part 6: A Reign of Terror

The exact number of Filipino civilians killed by U.S. troops will never be known.  Littleton  Waller, the head of the Marines on Samar, in a report said  that over an eleven-day period, he and his men had burned 255 dwellings, shot 13 carabaos (water buffalo) and killed 39 people.

A British researcher in the 1990s made an exhaustive research and put the figure on Samar about 2,500.    Filipino historians put the number around 50,000.

The American abuses on Samar outraged people in the U.S., especially anti-imperialists.  The judge advocate of the Army said that only the good sense of Smith's subordinates kept things from being much worse during the reign of terror.

Because of  this reign of terror, Jacob Smith became known as  Howling Wilderness" Smith.  He also had another nickname, "Hell-Roaring" Smith because of his use of swear words.

Smith would be court-martailed for this.

Don't Mess With Jake.  --Cooter

Jacob "Howling Wilderness" Smith-- Part 5: "I Want No Prisoners"

With orders to suppress the uprising, Smith had carte blanche to do as he pleased, and he intended to make the Filipinos on Samar live in a "howling wilderness."  they were to be hurt in excess.

He gave orders to Major Littleton Walker of the USMC, who commanded a battalion of Marines sent to help Smith these orders:  "I want no prisoners.  I wish you to kill and burn, the more you kill and burn the better it will please me.  I want all persons killed who are capable of bearing arms in actual hostilities against the United States."

When asked  at what age did Filipinos pose a threat, Smith replied:  "Ten years.  Persons of ten years  and older are those designated as being capable of bearing arms."

A sustained and widespread massacre of Filipino civilians followed.  Food and trade to Samar were cut off.  Widespread destruction was used to try to turn the civilian population away from supporting the guerrillas..  Troops were used in sweeps across the interior of the island.  Americans columns marched inland destroying homes and shooting people and draft animals.

--Cooter

Jacob "Howling Wilderness" Smith-- Part 4: The Belangiga Massacre

Because of his bravery in Cuba during the Spanish-American War, Smith was promoted to the rank of brigadier general by Philippine's  governor William Howard Taft. It was with the thought that Smith would then retire, but that didn't happen.  Smith remained in the Army.

In 1899, Smith boasted to reporters that  he was going to use Indian tactics against the Filipino insurgents and would be really harsh with them.  Then, there was a situation in Luzon where Smith's actions angered the locals.

But, by far the worse thing that happened was the Belangiga Massacre where 51 American soldiers of Company  C of the 9th U.S. Infantry were killed.  This provoked shock and anger in the United States and newspapers called for reprisal.  Military governor of the Philippines, Major General Adna R. Chafee, received orders from President Teddy Roosevelt to pacify the island of Samar where it happened.

He appointed Jacob Smith to do this.  This proved to be a mistake.

And Then It All Happened.  --DaCoot

Gen. Jacob "Howling Wilderness" Smith-- Part 3: A Checkered Past

And, there were other questionable aspects to Jacob Smith's affairs.  there were other military problems as well.  (Read the Wikipedia article for more information on these.)

Then, there were lawsuits for debt against him.  Then, there was a $7 harness case against Smith that dragged on from  1871 to 1901.  In 1885 he was  court martialled for  for "conduct unbecoming and officer and a gentleman."  In 1891 he was charged with using enlisted men as servants in his home.

It was just one thing after another with Jacob Smith.

Then came the Philippine-American War in which Smith was posted to the Philippines.

--CootSue

General Jacob "Howling Wilderness" Smith-- Part 1

Back on May 1st, I wrote about the American reprisal following the Belangiga Massacre, which definitely was not one of our prouder moments, thanks in large measure to the actions of this general.  I had never heard of him before, but his is quite a story.

From Wikipedia.

GENERAL JACOB H. SMITH  (January 29, 1840 to March 1, 1918)

United States Army officer notorious  for ordering an indiscriminate attack on Filipinos in the Philippine-American War  (Philippines Insurrection) following the Spanish-American War.  American soldiers killed anywhere between 2,500 and 50,000 civilians.

His orders included:

"Kill everyone over the age of ten."

"Make the island a howling wilderness."

He was court-martialed for this, but nothing happened.  However, the press took to calling him:  "Hell Roaring Jake" Smith,  "The Monster", "Howling Wilderness Jake"  and "Howling Jake."

--CootHowl

The Belangiga Bells-- Part 5: After 2017 Years, the Bells Are Back in the Philippines

Efforts to have the bells returned began in 1957 when the Franciscan monks of the Catholic Church said the bells were owned by them and should be returned.  In 1987, the government of the Philippines got involved with returning the bells.

It was discovered that two of them were at Francis E. Warren AFB in Wyoming, but the Air Force refused to give them back.  They continued to try to get them returned during the Clinton administration,   but were told the bells were U.S. property and it would take an Act of Congress to return them.

After that, there were a whole lot of efforts, both U.S. and Philippines to have the bells returned but all failed.  Finally, in 2018, Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis was given the authority to make the decision and he decided to return the bells, the two in Wyoming and one in South Korea.

The bells arrived in the Philippines on December 11, 2018, just five months ago.  On December 14, they arrived in Belangiga.  On the next day, a Sunday, one of the bells was rung for the first time since 1901.

A Happy Ending To A Sad Moment in Time.

The Belangiga Bells-- Part 4: Talking About the Cannon Which Was Also Taken

In 1979 it was discovered that the small bronze cannon that was also taken from in front of the church had been cast in  London in 1557 and bore the monogram of Mary I of England.  So, it is a 400-year-old Falcon cannon.  It is located at Fort Warren.

OK, so then what was a Falcon cannon?  A new one to me.

From Wikipedia.

A Falconet, or Falcon, cannon was a light artillery piece developed in the late 15th century.  The barrel would be around four feet long and it used a half pound charge of black powder to fire a one pound round shot 5000 feet.

--Cooter

The Belangiga Bells-- Part 3: Taken As War Souvenirs

After the massacre, the town was recaptured on September 29, 1901, by Co. G, 9th Infantry.  They departed town the same day and were replaced by Companies K and L of the 11th Infantry.  When the 11th left the town, they took the bells from the destroyed church and a cannon from the plaza in front of it.

The reason for taking them was that one of them had been used to signal the attack that became the massacre.  The smaller bell was the one that started the massacre and  before the 9th shipped off for home, the 11th Infantry gave it to the 9th and it was taken to the Madison Barracks at Sackets Harbor, New York where a brick pedestal was built to display it.

In 1918, it was moved to Fort Lewis in Tacoma, Washington, and later ended up in South Korea at an army base.

The 11th Infantry had the two larger bells and took them with them when they redeployed to Fort D.A. Russell in Cheyenne, Wyoming.  In 1905, the two bells and cannon were displayed by the fort's flag pole with a sign about their significance.

In 1927, Fort Russell was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren which later became Francis E. Warren Air Force Base.

Next, Recovery Attempts.  --Cooter